The property of tomatoes is known - thermophilicity, therefore it is not always possible to bring the fruits of tomatoes to full maturity in the open air. Using greenhouses to grow vegetables is ideal for those who live in temperate regions. But there are peculiarities of tomato agricultural technology in greenhouse conditions. Knowing them will help you achieve high yields of delicious tomatoes.
Ways of planting a tomato in a greenhouse
There are two methods for planting tomatoes in a greenhouse. It is useful to have an idea about each of them.
Correct planting with seeds in the ground
Despite the fact that the air temperature in the greenhouse rises during the day thanks to the bright March sun, it is cold there at night. To plant seeds, you need them temper in advance... To do this, after soaking, the material is placed either in a refrigerator or in warm water. The seeds that have hatched are now ready to grow.
It is important that the temperature does not drop to minus five degrees at night.
Special heating of an enclosed space will help to avoid this. It happens:
- biological with the help of fresh manure;
- stove;
- electric.
After filling the greenhouse with a shovel of hot manure at the end of February, you can sow seeds. They will have enough heat until mid-May. Manure is heated by sprinkling with hot water and sprinkling with quicklime.
Shelters of walls made of mats in two layers keep warm well. Three days later, the manure is leveled, soil is poured onto it. You can plant tomato seeds in it. The accelerated growth of hardened seedlings allows them to bear fruit a month - one and a half earlierthan in the garden beds.
How to plant tomato seedlings
It is easier to grow tomatoes in seedlings. There are some nuances of planting seeds and emerging sprouts. In spring, tomatoes are sown for seedlings in greenhouses not earlier than March 20... Once she reaches sixty days of age, you can plant or plant her in a permanent place in the room, for example, on a windowsill.
For seedlings air temperature is important - it should reach eighteen degrees during the day, sixteen at night. It is worth watering the seedlings three times in the first month. Water is used warm, well-separated. When the first shoots appear, they switch to watering up to once a week.
Plant the dived seedlings in place, preparing a layer of earth of 17 centimeters, then pouring it twenty centimeters. The soil should consist of equal parts of humus, sod land with the addition of a small amount of river sand.
Before planting, fifty grams of wood ash is placed in each prepared hole or furrow, thoroughly mixed with the ground. Planting tomato sprouts is carried out deeply, reaching the bottom of the shelves.
Elongated seedlings - planting features
With a lack of lighting, excessive watering, the seedlings become long.
Because of the thin stem, tomato seedlings often break, therefore, when transplanting, a number of rules must be observed:
- For planting seedlings, a cloudy day or morning is suitable. with low temperature air.
- The long stem fits into the planting hole in a ring. You can lay the kusutik horizontally, leaving a stem on the surface, which is no more than forty centimeters long, or, conversely, leaving most of it underground.
- Tear off the lower leaves and stepchildren on the stem.
- Carefully pour the soil into the hole, trying not to damage the shoots.
- They drive a peg next to it, to which tie seedlings.
- At the end of the procedure, the bushes are watered.
If at the beginning of growth the elongated sprouts lag behind their counterparts in development, then after the formation of new roots, the tomatoes will become stronger.
What is a square-nested method of disembarkation
When planting seeds or seedlings of tomatoes in the ground, use the square-nesting method, which will make caring for tomatoes easier. And for plants it will be better to pass absorption of nutrients... With this planting, there will be enough light for each bush.
The scheme for planting a tomato in a square-nested way is as follows:
- In one socket 70x70 centimeters two or three plants of standard and determinant species are placed.
- Early ripening tomatoes are enough two for one nest.
- With medium and late ripening - one plant each. By increasing the nest by twenty centimeters, you can plant two tomatoes each, slightly reducing the planting density.
After landing it is necessary ventilate more often, which will avoid the spread of fungal diseases indoors.
The best timing for planting a tomato
The right time for planting a tomato plays an important role in getting a good harvest.
The timely arrival of spring with stable weather is the main condition for planting a vegetable crop, in addition to proper grooming and watering. For the seedling growing method, planting it in an unheated greenhouse is carried out in the first decade of May. In this case, it is necessary to additionally insulate the walls of a closed room, covering it with mats.
In regions with warm climates, heated greenhouses are prepared for the tomato in March, and with moderate, including Western Siberia, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk - in the end of April... The spring sun will give the tomatoes enough warmth and light to grow.
Placing tomatoes in a greenhouse
In accordance with the choice of tomato variety, greenhouse designs also plant young bushes:
- For indeterminate tomatoes, a staggered arrangement of bushes is chosen. They need to be placed in rows with a distance between them. no more than eighty centimeters... The distance between plants will be half a meter when formed in one stem, and in two - seventy centimeters.
- Determinate species need a distance between rows in half a meter... The remoteness of the bushes from each other is thirty centimeters to those that are grown in two or three stems. It is reduced to a rate of twenty-five units if one stem is formed.
It is important to follow the rules for placing tomatoes, otherwise they will not have enough nutrients, moisture, light and air.
Overcrowding of plantings leads to diseases in tomatoes. Growing strong and vigorous plants becomes difficult when they thicken.
Optimal bed width
The arrangement of the beds depends on the area of the greenhouse. With a standard area of 3x6 beds, a place is suitable along the wall... High-quality lighting of the bed will be with its direction to the west.
The height of the soil in relation to the track is made in 40 cm... The width of the bed can be 60 or 90 cm... For full care, you will need a track a little less than half a meter wide.
Care must be taken to arrange the necessary equipment and to provide sufficient track width. This will allow for proper care of the tomato beds.
Features of the location of undersized and tall varieties
For proper placement of tomato bushes, you can use the following recommendations:
- Planting in two rows is suitable for tall varieties, since they leave two stems in the nest. And the distance between the rows reaches eighty centimeters.
- Landing is ideal In the middle rooms of tall varieties, On the sides - undersized. When ripe at different times, the tomato can be harvested continuously.
- With the modest size of the greenhouse, the tall ones arrange a bed in one row on the sides, and the undersized ones - in two rows in the middle of the room.
It is necessary to think over the location of different varieties of plants and choose an approach to planting in advance.
Polycarbonate greenhouses: the nuances of growing
The advantages of polycarbonate greenhouses are:
- small mass;
- long service;
- low thermal conductivity;
- high light transmission.
Growing garden tomatoes in such greenhouses is easy.
Agrotechnics of tomatoes in a polycarbonate greenhouse: planting dates, distances between bushes
In the first days of May you can start planting seedlings in a polycarbonate greenhouse. At this time, the seedlings already have a strong root system, a thick stem, one or two flower clusters.
After hardening the seedlings in the open air for two weeks, they are sprayed with a solution of boric acid. This will prevent the buds from falling off. Before planting, the two lower leaves on the shoots are removed. The plant layout is the same as in ordinary greenhouses.
Disembarkation step by step
Before planting a tomato in a greenhouse, it is necessary to add humus, peat, phosphate and potassium fertilizers to the prepared beds. For soil disinfection it needs to be processed - sprayed with a solution of potassium permanganate or treatment with the Zaslon preparation is performed.
Seedlings are placed in the prepared holes using the square-nesting or ribbon-nesting method. The depth of the holes is no more than twenty centimeters. For better absorption of phosphorus, which is necessary for tomatoes for proper development, wood ash is added to the holes.
The seedlings are immersed until the first true leaf.
Depending on the moisture content of the soil and air in the greenhouse, the seedlings are watered two - three liters per bush... Tomatoes planted in the evening in cloudy weather will take root well.
Requirements for planting care
For active growth of a tomato in a polycarbonate greenhouse, it is necessary to create conditions:
- air temperature in 22 degrees, but not more than 25, soil - over fifteen.
- aeration for the flow of fresh air into the room;
- maintaining the humidity level at around 70 percent.
- to water as it dries top soil layer;
- top dressing with the introduction of monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate weekly along with watering;
- pollination with shaking the bushes during the flowering period.
Compliance with all the rules for caring for tomatoes in a polycarbonate greenhouse will lead to constant fruiting of the bushes.
Growing secrets
It's no secret that you can get high yields of tomatoes in the early stages only by growing them in a greenhouse. Besides this plant in protected ground less attacked by pestsdo not suffer from disease.
The correct operation of the greenhouse ventilation duct is ensured as follows: thoroughly and regularly wipe the walls of the structure. If the place for installing the greenhouse is chosen correctly - well lit, without shading from the side of trees, buildings, then light will freely penetrate into it.
Before starting the preparation of tomato seedlings for the greenhouse, it is necessary to select such plant varieties that can grow well in greenhouse conditions.
Preparation and disinfection of soil for future beds obligatory, plant health depends on it.
Insects will help in pollination of a tomato. You can attract bees, bumblebees, wasps to the greenhouse with sweet fermented compote, kvass.
Spraying with copper sulfate, boiling water increases the resistance of tomatoes to diseases.
Care rules
Care for tomatoes grown in greenhouses, is different from those that grow in the open field.
Features of courting after planting seedlings
It is important for young seedlings to carry out timely watering, the introduction of optimal doses of fertilizers. A week after planting, the plants are watered. Before flowering, watering is carried out with a break of five days. One bucket of warm water per square meter. Watered at the root, trying to prevent drops of moisture from getting on the leaves. Drip irrigation is also suitable.
Two weeks after planting, carry out feeding the bushes with mullein, diluted in water for five hundred milligrams - ten liters, add ten grams of ammonium nitrate, fifty grams of superphosphate, fifteen grams of potassium chloride. The next time after the appearance of flowers, the ripening of the fruit must be treated with fertilizers, doubling the amount of minerals when dissolved in a bucket of water.
What is the difference between greenhouse and greenhouse care
Greenhouses are used for a smooth transition of seedlings from home to open ground... Therefore, the terms and rules for planting tomatoes are the same for both greenhouses and greenhouses.
The choice of a place for a greenhouse and a greenhouse should take into account the level of occurrence of groundwater.
It cannot exceed two and a half meters from the soil surface. So that the soil is not sprinkled from the walls of the greenhouse, they are sheathed with boards. Greenhouses are installed on the southern slopes of the site, this will avoid flooding the territory.
Feeding methods
It is necessary to feed tomato bushes during budding and fruit formation... Fertilizers or compost are added every month between the rows. Fertilizers are purchased in specialized stores, taking into account the importance of the presence of a large amount of nitrogen in them.
Suitable for feeding mullein, bird droppings, mineral supplements. All types of fertilizers are diluted in a bucket of water and applied after watering the bushes. A bucket of mortar is enough per square meter.
When to ventilate
In order for the plants to receive more air, light, it is necessary to open the doors of the greenhouse for ventilation. The procedure will help reduce high temperature and humidity... High humidity parameters, heat will not allow fruits to set, pollination will slow down.
In hot weather, it is necessary to arrange a draft by opening the greenhouse on both sides.
Airing is included in the prevention of late blight. In fine dry weather, you can leave the greenhouse open overnight.
How to plant for a good harvest
Getting a large harvest of juicy fruits is the dream of every gardener. For this it is important comply with the landing dates vegetables when the temperature in the greenhouse remains at the level of twenty-five degrees Celsius at night.
Tomatoes will grow better in polycarbonate greenhouses. But in hot summer, it is enough to hold the bushes under the film for the first time. Although it is in the greenhouse that tomatoes are harvested earlier and more often.
Variety selection tomato is important. There are tomatoes that yield rich harvests in the greenhouse, but they do not ripen well in the open field. It is best to choose hybrids that do not require pollination and produce excellent fruit. The resistance of hybrid species to diseases that prevent an increase in productivity is also noted.
How soda helps
For prevention of powdery mildew baking soda is used on tomatoes. To prepare the solution, take four liters of water, add a tablespoon of soda and half a teaspoon of liquid soap. Stir well, spray the tomato bushes in the greenhouse once a week.
Garter features
Most types of tomato require the stalks to be tied to the pegs. Garter plants are carried out taking into account the variety... It is optional for early ripening and undersized varieties.
How to tie up a greenhouse
There is no difference in the garter of plants in a polycarbonate greenhouse and a simple one.
Wire, strong fishing line, harsh thread, thin twine are never used as material. Such materials will easily cut the stem. Fabric strips two to three centimeters wide are the best choice. Before the procedure, they must be disinfected by scalding them with boiling water or washing them with laundry soap.
Pegs are driven in length near the tomato 30 cm above the stems and loosely tie the stem to them.
Another way to tie up is the arrangement of trellises. Stakes are driven in along the beds, pulling a wire, a strong cord between them in several rows. During the growth of tomatoes, they are tucked into a wire or the brushes are hung on hooks.
Garter of low and tall varieties
It is better to tie undersized varieties individually to the pegs... But such a garter will not withstand the brushes of ripe fruits of tall species.Therefore, for tall tomatoes, it will be better to erect trellis... With this method, the successful growth of stepchildren is possible.
Do I need a node
The central stem of the plant is wrapped with a strip of material with hands, crossing the ends with a figure eight or twisting, tied to a support. It is not necessary to make a strong knot, otherwise it will be difficult to remove it. It is enough to tie it in the form of a bow. After the growth of the stem, the first bandage is removed by tying it higher.
Hang on a trellis or tie up - which method is better
Both options are convenient for tomato growth. Tie brushes of tall tomatoes to the top of the trellis or hung on hookslocated at the top. In both cases, the fruits continue to grow successfully no matter how they are suspended.
What can be used as a peg
It is convenient to prepare individual pegs or sticks for tying up tomato bushes. They will last for several years.
You can replace them:
- scraps of reinforcement and metal fixtures;
- metal rods;
- thin plastic pipes;
- wooden slats.
The choice of a peg and how many of them should be in order to tie up a tomato depends on the power of the plant stem.
Organization of tomato watering from planting to harvest
Watering play important role in caring for planting tomatoes in a greenhouse.
First watering frequency
After planting, it is necessary to take a break in soil moisture, which will allow strengthen the root system young plants. Three days later, up to two liters of water is poured under each bush. Then the number of procedures is increased.
Morning is considered the best time to water. And then the greenhouse is opened for ventilation. Watering will be sufficient once - twice a week.
Features of watering in a polycarbonate greenhouse
In the greenhouse, tomatoes are often watered in the flowering phase, doubling the amount of water. The best option would be a hydration break. in two days... After the formation of ovaries, the frequency of watering begins to decrease. In this case, weather conditions are also taken into account. In wet summers, it is enough to water the plants once every two weeks.
Intensive watering will lead to an increase in the green mass of the plant, to a decrease in the fruiting of the tomato.
How to water tomatoes
High yields in the greenhouse are obtained if irrigation is carried out with water at a temperature of 20-25 degrees... Many people add a tablespoon of table salt and a glass of wood ash to a bucket of water. By pouring half a liter of solution under each bush, you can harvest a good harvest of sweet, fleshy tomatoes.
Water the tomatoes, adding a little grass mass to the water.
Organization of drip irrigation of plants
Using homemade drippers to water tomatoes is important for hydration root area plants. In this case, water is supplied in small portions.
For the device of this irrigation method, hoses with a diameter of 1.5 cm... Droppers or drip tapes are attached to them. The hose is connected to a tap or dipped into a container of water. The system is laid along the landings, sprinkled lightly with soil. Through a tape or dropper, the water will flow directly to the root system of the vegetable crop.
How to water seedlings
Since the future harvest depends on the condition of the seedlings, you need to know how to water it correctly. Young growth can quickly die from a lack of moisture. When pecking seeds, reduce the frequency of watering by making break for two days.
In case of severe dryness, you can spray the soil with a spray gun.
As soon as the first leaves appear, they observe the drying of the top layer of the soil. Only then is watering or spraying done. Two or three days before the pick, the soil is softened by watering and the first top dressing. The sprouts are then more easily removed from the ground.
Four days after transplanting the seedlings, watering begins, bringing it up to once a week... The amount of moisture can be increased if the intensity of the sun's rays increases, which leads to the drying out of the soil.
There are some peculiarities for planting tomatoes to grow them. It is important to know all the nuances of how to care for them in ordinary greenhouses and polycarbonate greenhouses in order to get high yields of tomatoes.